A Comparative Study on Analgesic Activities of Calotropis procera Leaf Fractions via Hot Plate and Tail Flick Techniques in Mice: A Review on its therapeutics insights

• Sakshi Rajput

  Bhupal Nobles' College of pharmacy

  Author

• Ayush Salvi

  Author

• Shreya Sharma

  Author

• Abhishek Joshi

  Author

• Jenam Gandhi

  Author

• Dr. Siddhraj Singh Sisodia

  Author

Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton, commonly known as the apple of Sodom or madar, is a xerophytic shrub belonging to the family Apocynaceae that has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine systems across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East for the management of pain and inflammatory conditions [1]. This review critically examines the comparative analgesic activities of various leaf fractions of C. procera using hot plate and tail flick techniques in murine models. The hot plate test evaluates supraspinally mediated nociceptive responses, while the tail flick assay assesses spinal reflex pathways, together providing comprehensive insights into central analgesic mechanisms [2]. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated that ethanolic, hydroethanolic, and aqueous leaf extracts of C. procera exhibit significant dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in both experimental models, with mechanisms involving opioidergic, glutamatergic, cytokine, and adenosinergic pathways [3,4]. The leaf fractions contain diverse phytoconstituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, and cardenolides that contribute to their analgesic efficacy [5]. This review synthesizes current evidence on the comparative pharmacological profiles of different leaf fractions, their mechanisms of action, and their potential as lead sources for novel analgesic drug development.

Copyright (c) 2026 Sakshi Rajput, Ayush Salvi, Shreya Sharma, Abhishek Joshi, Jenam Gandhi, Dr. Siddhraj Singh Sisodia (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.