Surgeon-in-the-Loop AI Systems in Robotic Surgery: Enhancing Precision, Efficiency, and Personalization – A Short Narrative Review

• Abhishek pareek

  Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences and Research centre

  Author

• Preet kanwar

  Author

• Rishabh Bansal

  Author

• Bhavya Maheshwari

  Author

• Anukrati Joshi

  Author

• PDF

Surgeon-in-the-loop AI systems represent a transformative advancement in robotic surgery, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) to augment human capabilities while preserving surgeon oversight. This narrative review synthesizes recent literature (2023–2025) on their applications in general robotic surgery, focusing on reinforcement learning, image recognition, and real-time decision support. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified key studies demonstrating enhanced precision, efficiency, and personalization. Findings highlight AI’s ability to adapt to surgeon preferences, provide intraoperative guidance, and minimize errors through advanced imaging. Challenges include data privacy, algorithmic bias, and regulatory hurdles. Future directions emphasize balancing autonomy with ethical safeguards and expanding access. This review underscores the potential of these systems to revolutionize surgery, advocating for interdisciplinary efforts to address limitations.

Copyright (c) 2025 Abhishek pareek, Preet kanwar, Rishabh Bansal, Bhavya Maheshwari, Anukrati Joshi (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.